Instruments like the violin that use a bow to produce a sound are called bowed stringed instruments. The Arabian rabab and the rebec, which came from the orient in the middle ages and was played widely in Spain and France in the fifteenth century, are said to be the ancestors of the violin.
Near the end of the middle ages, a bowed stringed instrument called a fiddle appeared in Europe. In the East, the Chinese erhu and morin khur evolved from the rabab, and so they are relatives of the violin. Compared to its ancestors, the violin is in a class by itself in terms of completeness. In addition, it was not improved gradually over time, but appeared in its current form suddenly around Yet, none of these early violins exist today.
This history of the violin is inferred from paintings from this era that feature violins. With these two violin makers, the history of the violin emerges from the fog of legend to hard fact. Violins produced by these two still exist today. In fact, the oldest violin in existence today is one built by Andre Amati around From there the rebab spread west and by the 11th and 12th centuries it had become referred to as the fiddle or lira by European writers.
The following centuries saw Europe develop two distinct bowed instruments: the lira da braccio and the lira da gamba. For one thing, the bow of this era was highly curved for agility across multiple strings at the same time. Most of the influential and sought-after violin makers throughout the centuries were Italian. These crafters had the skill, age and reputation that made them highly sought after.
The rebec from the 10th century Middle East is the first believed to be held under the chin while played. The rebec had three strings. Some sources say the rebec made its way to Western Europe via the Muslim conquest of Spain. Others say the rebec was developed in Spain during the Muslim Conquest as an evolution of the Arabic rabab. The rabab was a two-string instrument played upright.
One of the earliest evolutions of the rebec was the French vielle. The vielle had three to five strings. It was popular with Medieval troubadours.
The modern violin was developed in Europe, with its origins firmly in Italy. Paintings depict a three-string violin as early as A mural in the Saronno Cathedral, dated to around , is the most prominent representation of the violin.
The Saronno Cathedral, as it happens, is located in the Lombardy region of Italy, which is also home to the cities of Brescia and Cremona. The Lombardy region is full of wood that was particularly well-suited for instrument-making, and was the first center of master luthiers. Cremona gets top billing now, due to the work of Amati, Stradivari, and Guarneri. However, the luthiers of nearby Brescia were the first to craft high-quality violins.
The general design of the violin was standardized in the 16 th century. It's believed the standardization occurred because Andrea Amati had to "mass produce" a large number of string instruments to fill an order places placed by Catherine de Medici in It's believed the scale of the commission resulted in the fixing of the fourth string and popularizing the f-curve as part of the violin's design.
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