It ranked as one of the handsomest cities in the civilized world, rivaling Alexandria and Constantinople in size and beauty. Ranking with Rome, Alexandria, and Constantinople as one of the four great cities of the Roman Empire, Antioch's location on one of the most important trade routes between the East and the Greco-Roman world brought it prosperity and a sophisticated culture.
Antioch's benign climate made it a favorite vacation spot and summer refuge from the extremes of heat and dampness known in other parts of the Mediterranean region. Legend has it that in B. The city claimed superiority in water supply, climate, and drainage.
It lay just 18 miles from the sea, close enough for easy communication and far enough away for safety from enemy attack. Rich in orchards, fields, and forests, the city provided a plentiful supply of fruit, vegetables, wheat, and timber.
An abundant supply of fish was also available in the nearby Mediterranean. Antiochians considered hunting an important food source as well as a favorite sport. They built magnificent buildings by easily acquiring lumber from the forests and quarried stone from nearby mountains.
Commerce thrived in Antioch, and consumers could buy an endless supply of goods in all parts of the city. Women and children filled earthenware water jars to the brim at the plentiful public fountains. These are missing on some copies. The statue, with its detailed symbolism, was to influence all later personifications of cities - in the Seleucid Empire, in the Roman world, in the Renaissance, and up till our own age.
The latter city was immediately recovered and the port was reconquered in during the Fourth Syrian War , but in the meantime, Antioch had become the real capital of the Seleucid Empire. The royal palace was still on the island in the Orontes. Being a capital was a mixed blessing. Of course the presence of a king meant that money was spent in the city, but it also meant that Antioch was an important aim during civil wars - and there were many of them, because after c. The city often changed hands; meanwhile, the kings could not defend their kingdom against the Parthians and Romans.
From now on, the city was the capital of a province called Syria, and a senator resided in the palace of Antioch, as governor of this new part of the Roman world.
The city was allowed to strike its own coins. Antioch benefited from Roman rule. The Historia Augusta mentions a great fire in Antioch, implying that the emperor Antoninus Pius offered help to restore the city.
Many of them are now in the Archaeological Museum of Antakya, which is therefore also called the Mosaic Museum. There must have been a school of mosaic makers, which was sufficiently famous to attract international attention. When Antioch was captured by the Sasanian king Shapur in or , he arrested the craftsmen and ordered them to make the decoration of his palace in Bishapur. To defend the important city - first against the Parthians and later against the Sasanians - the Romans first moved the border to the Euphrates , and from there to the Tigris.
Usually, the city flourished, and a splendid work of art like this sarcophagus is not rare. However, the city sometimes suffered: for example, when governor Pescennius Niger proclaimed himself emperor and lost the war against his rival Septimius Severus , who temporarily took away its independence, giving it to Laodicea. Food riots took place when Julian visited the city. Because there was a Jewish quarter in the southern part of Antioch, it comes as no surprise that Christianity arrived early in the city.
According to Paul, Peter followed Jewish regulations when eating with Jews and then abandoned such regulations when eating with Gentiles in mixed company. Paul denounced Peter as a hypocrite and stormed off. But the question of table etiquette continues today when Christians are invited to, or barred from, sharing communion across the boundaries of theology and tradition. Paul claims his ministry was centered in the Cilicia-Syria region for 14 years. It is likely he engaged in mission trips during this time that went west to Asia Minor and Rome Gal Historians and theologians debate who won the standoff.
However, in his letters, Paul encourages Gentiles to demonstrate their goodwill and to serve the leaders in Jerusalem through a financial offering collected from Gentile churches 1Cor , Rom , Gal Acts tells a slightly different story. In that book, Peter is the key advocate for the inclusion of Gentiles in Judea and Jerusalem, following a revelatory dream Acts In Acts, the rift between Peter and Paul, Jerusalem and Antioch, is smoothed over and the path is paved for the expansion of Christianity.
Julia Lambert Fogg, "Antioch", n. In her teaching and research, she explores how culture and social practices shape community expressions of faith. She is currently pursuing research in migration, immigration, and the Bible in Latino communities in Los Angeles. Led by apostles of Jesus like Peter, Paul, and Barnabas, the Jews of Syrian Antioch birthed the earliest Christian community in blood, sweat, and tears, even as some were fleeing their own homes in Jerusalem.
By considering cultural history and other ancient texts, scholars tend to agree that the Gospel of Matthew may have been written in Antioch in modern-day Turkey. The Qur'an speaks to the Jews and Christians of its time, who would have recognized its references to both Antioch and Jerusalem. In the centuries around the turn of the era, the longstanding Jewish community of Antioch had suffered persecution from neighboring communities and had a tenuous relationship to Roman power.
In the late Roman context, the apostles Peter and Paul together became symbolic founders of the empire, but the New Testament depicts them more as rivals with competing concepts of Christianity. If the Gospel of Matthew was written after 70 C. Early Christian martyrs like Ignatius of Antioch saw death at the hands of the oppressor as a way to imitate Christ.
The Church in Antioch 19Now those who were scattered because of the persecution that took place over Stephen traveled as far as Phoenicia, Cyprus, and Antioch, View more. And on the sabbath day they went into the synagogue and sat down.
Then they stoned Paul and dragged him out of the city, supposing that he was dead. The Council's Letter to Gentile Believers 22Then the apostles and the elders, with the consent of the whole church, decided to choose men from among their membe Of or related to the written word, especially that which is considered literature; literary criticism is a interpretative method that has been adapted to biblical analysis.
One who embarks on a mission of good usually religiously motivated works, often to a distant locale. A collection of first-century Jewish and early Christian writings that, along with the Old Testament, makes up the Christian Bible.
The third division of the Jewish canon, also called by the Hebrew name Ketuvim. The other two divisions are the Torah Pentateuch and Nevi'im Prophets ; together the three divisions create the acronym Tanakh, the Jewish term for the Hebrew Bible. The Jewish festival which recalls over an 8-day period the rededication of the Temple in B. A Jewish historian from the first century C. His works document the Jewish rebellions against Rome, giving background for early Jewish and Christian practices.
A term from late Antiquity, it refers to the western-most part of Asia, bordered by the Black, the Mediterranean, and Agean Seas, in what is now modern-day Turkey.
Describing the hybrid form of Judaism and Christianity commonly practiced in the early Christian church, prior to the mission to the Gentiles.
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